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'Augustus of Primaporta' is a sculpture of Caesar Augustus that was discovered in 1863, but dates back to Ancient Roman times. Because the sculpture was discovered in Livia's villa at Primaporta, we see Augustus the way he wanted us to see and remember him. This piece is an example of not just the style of art at this time in Rome, but how rulers of the time used portraiture for propaganda. The pose that Augustus is shown in, is the typical pose of an orator. The artist also depicted Augustus in an idealized from. Even though he lived to be about 70 years old, this sculpture shows him in the physical prime of his youth. Aside from just the physical features of Augustus, the artist added mythological imagery that exalts Augustus' family and celebrates his accomplishments. On his right leg, cupid is depicted riding a dolphin. This is a reference to the Julians being descendants of the goddess Venus who's son is Cupid. On Augusts' chest armor, scenes of accomplishments of Romans are depicted. 

'The Empress Theodora and Retinue" is a mosaic dedicated by Bishop Maximian in 547 that resides in the Basilica of St. Vitale in Ravenna, Italy on the south side of the apse. This piece sits opposite to 'Emperor Justinian and his attendants' which depicts Theodora's husband. Neither one of them were actually present in Ravenna, but they are represented as part of an imperial court group on the sides of the apse. The mosaic depicts the Empress Theodora, accompanied by seven ladies of the court and two men. Theodora is distinguished from the others by her purple robes and the halo effect that is shown around her head. The group is standing in the anteroom of a church and one of the men is holding back a curtain leading into the sacred area. Theodora is passing a large chalice to be used as an offering. The meaning of this image is to show royalty presenting objects of value to the church as well as to show the Emperor and Empress giving the elements of Communion to the actual altar of the church of St. Vitale.

Early Christian artwork used a lot of the same media that the pagan artist of the time used. These media included fresco, mosaics, sculpture, and manuscript illumination. These early forms of Christian artwork used both Roman forms and styles. Late classical style included a proportional portrayal of the human body and impressionistic presentation of space. Late classical style is seen in early Christian frescos such as those in the catacombs of Rome. Before the Edict of Milian which made Christianity the Roman Empire's state religion, Christian art was restricted to the decoration of the hidden places of worship. Most artists that made Christian art worked in manner that was derived from Roman art, styalizing to suit the spirituality of the religion. Christian art wasn't about idealizing forms and perfecting images like Roman art. Christian artist's main objective was more to draw the viewer to understand the deeper meaning and spiritual significance of the artwork. Christian art isn't about expressing beauty, but transmitting faith and beliefs of the Christian church. 

     

Pics from the Parthenon

Athena Parthenos- 40ft structure inside Parthenon--there because the Parthenon was built in dedication to Athena

East Pediment: Sculpture D of either Dionysos or Heracles 

Reconstructed sculpture of the West Pediment of the Parthenon. This pediment depicts the battle between Athena and Poseidon in seeing who the city's patron will be. 

Section of the East Pediment. This pediment depicts the birth of Athena from a headache that Zeus had.

Front of the Parthenon

Curvature of the Parthenon

The Making of Pottery in Ancient Greece

Many of Greece's pottery was made from clay. Clay was an easily accessible element in Athens due to the clay beds in the city. The clay beds were distinctive for their chemical compositions iron oxide and calcium oxide which made the clay have a red-orange tint. Clay that came from Corinth was much lighter, and had a creamy-white appearance.
Greek pottery was usually made on a wheel. If an artist wanted to add more detail to a piece of pottery, they would do so by hand as opposed to on the wheel. This game them more control and helped them to play closer attention to the detailed marks. For pieces of pottery that were very complex, artists would make  it in parts and then assemble them once they were leather hard. They would piece these together by returning to the wheel.
During this time, it was popular to decorate pottery with black illustrations. The black was achieved by changing the amount of oxygen present during the firing. The kiln needed to be heated to about 950 degrees celsius. All of the vents needed to be open to let in the proper amount of oxygen. When the kiln started to turn the pottery a reddish-brown color, the bents were closed and green wood was added. The green wood created carbon monoxide. Carbon Monoxide turned the hermatite (created early when letting oxygen in) black. After this process, the vents were opened back up again to preserve the black pigment. This technique is now known as the "iron reduction technique".

Parthenon Pediments

After Friday's discussion on the Parthenon, I decided to do some further research. What I found to be very interesting about the Parthenon was it's Pediments. The Parthenon's pediments are the triangles that sit on top of the pillars on either side of the Parthenon. The carvings in these pediments tell a story and show the history of the Parthenon.
The Pediments tell the story of the greek goddess Athena. Athena was an important figure to the people of Athens, because they saw her as their protector. In the East side pediment, the birth of Athena is depicted. Apparently, Zeus(Athena's father) had a terrible headache and sought out the Hephaestus(the god of fire and forge) to relieve his pain. Zeus commanded him to hit him over the head with his forging hammer. When Hephaestus did this, Zeus's head split in two and Athena emerged from his head.
A large portion of this pediment is missing due to destruction from a war. It is assumed that the remainder of the sculpture depicts the other olympic God standing around Zeus and Hephaestus, watching the wondrous event.
On the west pediment, the sculptures depicted the battle between Athena and Poseidon for the honor of becoming the city's patron. The pediment, which no longer exists, portrayed the two in the middle battling each other, while other important figures watched around them.

Visit to Downtown Presbyterian Church

The Presbyterian Church we visited on Friday, was unlike any church I had ever seen. I wasn't aware that Egyptomania was affected even by the churches.
When walking into the church, I was overwhelmed by it's size and how much space there was. The room was enormous. The Egyptian decor added to making the room seem very large and open. The decorations on the walls that added to this "open" feeling were the paintings on the wall of the organ pipes that suggested an extension of pillars as well as squares on the ceiling that were painted to look like sky. Both of these paintings opened up the space and gave the illusion that it was even larger than it already was.
The lighting in the Church was very dim. This particular lighting gave a yellow tint that accentuated the red fabric as well as highlighting only certain parts of the church, and darkening the rest (including the dark wood of the pews and altar). This lighting made the space seem cold and made an awkward contrast to the paintings that suggested more space. This particular lighting somehow made the room smaller than it could be while also giving it an old feel.
The Decoration was what I found to be the most interesting aspect of this church. The inside of the sanctuary was lined with either square of cylindrical columns. These columns had designs on them that added to the Ancient Egyptian feel. Behind the columns that were placed next to the altar, a mural is painted that gives the illusion of the pillars continuing into a blue sky. On the side of the walls were stained glass windows with Egyptian themes. On the ceiling is a grid, like frame that sections the ceiling off into squares. These squares are painted to mimic a blue sky with clouds that adds to the illusion of space.
Aside form the Egyptian decor, there were more western decor as well. All of the wood in the church was a dark wood that was a large contrast to the Egyptian style. There was a bit of repetition of columns in the Altar, but very slight. All of the woodwork felt very western and traditional to most churches of that time period.
The color that I observed in this space was mostly a darker, mustard yellow, deep crimson, a brown/grey blue, and a few browned oranges. The overall color was obviously reflecting Egypt and the Egyptian deserts.
The overall rhythm of the room was kind of awkward. I think they were trying to theme the entire sanctuary after Egypt, but some of the western elements are too distinct. I found the deep red carpet, and the style and color of the pews/altar to be very distracting to the wall and ceiling decor. It is a very large contrast in color as well as style. I can appreciate their attempt to westernize the room or even style the wood work after Egyptian style, but it came across very awkward.
I think the most distinct feature of the room was the front columns. They were well lit in the room as well as pretty true to Egyptian style. The lighter colors and attention to detail made them very distinct in this dark room.

Collage

Megan Phillips

Art History

Collage Assignment

            For my collage, I chose the theme of “one step at a time”. When reflecting on myself, my world, and how I view art, I feel each relate with this theme. Everything is a process with multiple levels. Each level is important in the way that one must leave a level to enter a new one. As an individual, I am constantly growing and changing whether physically or mentally. In the same way, my world is constantly changing and I am forced to adjust to my world’s changes. I feel that art is constantly changing as well. The thing that ties all of these elements together is not change, but the past. Without the past, these things are not able to be what they are now, or evolve into what they will eventually become. I wanted to show the importance of how the past reflects on the present and helps to evolve the future.

Decisions: I chose to incorporate a staircase as the center of my collage as to symbolize my view on myself, my world, and art.

Color: I chose to make the background more subdues by using black and white and then added color to the staircase to make it stand out from the background.

Light: I used light in the background to show that the staircase is in a cubed room as well as in the staircase itself to give a 3D effect.

Texture: I added texture to my collage by making the background of layered magazine pieces and then painting a sheer acrylic layer over. I also added texture into the staircase by using a painting style that gives a textured feel to it.

Volume: I incorporated volume into my collage by adding different tones of magazine pieces to show foreground and background in the circular room.

Line: I used like mainly in the staircase with the central vertical post and each step creates a defined line.

Space: To create space in my collage, I put the staircase in a cubed room to open the piece up and create movement.

Scale: I made the staircase the largest object in my collage to make it the focus and be interpreted as the most important element of my collage.

Symbolism:

1.     Staircase: The staircase represents me, my world, how I view art.

2.     Steps: Each step represents a moment in time whether past, present, or future.

3.     Room: The room is meant to symbolize the world to better emphasize the staircase as being me, my world, and my view of art residing in a world with other lives and views.

4.     Light at top of staircase: The light at the top of the staircase is there to symbolize the future whether that means personally, heaven, the future of the world, and the future of art.

5.     Pictures on steps: Each picture on a step is a person, place, or thing that is important to me and has made me who I am and who I will become. In the same way, this is meant to show how certain things have made art what it is today and will evolve it into what it will be in the future.

Elements:

You: All of the pictures that I included are pictures I have taken. Photography is my favorite past time and I felt it was important to incorporate that to show who I am.

Friends and Family: I incorporated pictures of my best friends and my cat Boots because he is the baby of my family.

Your town, community, school: I added pictures from my favorite spot in my hometown as well as my favorite spot on Belmont’s campus.

Your country: I added a picture of Chicago to show that America is very industrial and commercialized.

The world today: All of my pictures help to show the world today. I feel like things in the world today are very much about image, so I used images that reflected that superficial feel.

Art: Art to me means the freedom of individual expression. I think art is a way for me to express how I feel about myself, my life, and the things that are happening around me in a creative way. I think art fits into today’s world because we are a very commercialized world where visuals are important. Art helps us find depth and relate to the world around us.

History: Because of the past, I have leaned from mistakes, grown from experiences, and been influenced by the people I’ve encountered. History has shaped the world today in the same way. Because of the events and lives that have occurred, we have learned and evolved. Art relates to history because by seeing how art was used in a particular period of time, we can better understand that culture and society.

Blog Assignment 1 (Part 2)

http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2010/sep/01/photography-zed-nelson-best-shot

I read the article "Photographer Zed Nelson's best shot" which was an interview by Andrew Pulver. The article revolved around Nelson's photo book Gun Nation and this image in particular. Nelson decided he wanted to do a project on guns after experiencing some negative results of weapons in foreign countries. After doing some research he found that about 30,000 people are killed every year by guns. He was thinking of doing a piece on criminals and gang members, but decided to do it on white, middle class Americans instead. He traveled to a few gun shows and took photographs of volunteers. This image in particular he found shocking when released to the public. It looks as if the man is pointing the gun to his child. In reality, the man was trying to say that with his gun, he can protect his family. Nelson noted that if you look closely, the man's finger is under the trigger guard. What I took from this article is that with this project, Nelson was trying to expose something that he felt strongly about.
The problem I had with this article and this photo is that it was never clarified what Nelson's stance on gun control is. I'm sure it would be clear if I looked at the book, but from this article, the reader is left to assume. The Interviewer made it seem like this image was taken as a negative image of gun control but then defends the man in the photo. I think this article would have had a lot more clarification and purpose if the interviewer would have explained the thesis more.
I think that this image can loosely relate to Van Gogh's Starry Night according to interpretation. Starry Night seems to be a painting that is seen in two ways. Some people find the painting very peaceful and dream-like, others find it depressing and chaotic. This photo sends a mixed interpretation of violence and protection. In one sense, the man could be pointing the gun to the baby  like he is going to harm it. This photo could also be interpreted that he is simply holding it in a way that shows protection and the baby represents his whole family.